Laser Surgery :: Health Medicine Medical Essays

Laser surgery Lasers (The word laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.) lasers were first introduced in 1960, The first successfully optical laser constructed by Maiman (1960), was a ruby crystal surrounded by a helicoilal flash tube enclosed within a polished aluminum cylindrical cavity cooled by forced air. The ruby cylinder forms a Fabry-Perot cavity by optically polishing the ends to be parallel to within a third of a wavelength of light. Each end was coated with evaporated silver; one end was made less reflective to allow some radiation to escape as a beam was produced. Initially the laser was named the invention looking for a job. Photo-pumped by a fast discharge flash-lamp, the first ruby lasers operated in pulsed mode for reasons of heat dissipation and the need for high pumping powers. Nelson and Boyle (1962) constructed a continuous lasing ruby by replacing the flash lamp with an arc lamp.(1) Today lasers are much like those of the early ones and they are widely used in many fields, their uses are wide spread, From fusion physics to the DVD player these are common places where lasers are used. Medicine and surgery are no exceptions from skin resurfacing to eye surgery to correct vision. With the development of lasers Physicians have been able to provide treatment for a large number of medical disorders. Medical lasers have made it possible to treat conditions, which were previously untreatable or difficult to treat. To make the most of the laser technology physicians must maintain a up to date understanding of laser systems and conditions for which each can be applied .To achieve these goals the basic terminology and fundamentals of laser-tissue interaction is needed. Before we can learn about lasers we need to know a little about light, because that is essentially what a laser is made of. First the speed of light is 3.00*10to the 8th meter per second .The American physicist Albert Michelson found a ratio 1.33 for the speed of light c in a vacuum to the lights speed v in water. This value is equal to the index of refraction n thus n=c/v gives us a way to predict the speed of light in any material once we know its index refraction.(2) Lasers produce a intense beam of bright light that travels in one direction. And a laser has the unique ability to produce one specific color or wave length of light which can be varied in its intensity and pulse.

Tom Jones and Joseph Andrews

1. INTRODUCTION The novel is a literary gender which was developed late, firstly in the Modern Ages achieving its maturity in the 19th century, although it has its precedents in earlier periods, for example in the Antiquity and the Oriental literatures. According to Wikipedia: â€Å"A novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events in the form of a sequential story, usually. The genre has historical roots in the fields of medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella.The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century†. (Wikipedia) So, Henry Fielding was born in a period in which the novel was not fully developed, and he could be considered as a pioneer of this genre. His first major novel was â€Å"The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend, Mr. Abraham Adams†, published in 1742. The novel was a satire of the Samuel Richardson ’s novel â€Å"Pamela† as a continuation of â€Å"Shamela†, a pamphlet which was a parody of â€Å"Pamela†.But the difference between â€Å"Shamela† and â€Å"Joseph Andews† lies in the parody, meanwhile â€Å"Shamela† is a parody, â€Å"Joseph Andrews† started as a parody but finally the novel turned into an independent work, the characters and plot have their own history. The following and most famous work of Henry Fielding was â€Å"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling†, published in 1749. In this novel, Fielding expresses a lot of things of his own life and things of the situation of England in that moment.But, on the contrary of which is thought, â€Å"Tom Jones† is not an historical novel in the sense of express a lot of things of the context of Great Britain (for example, the Jacobite Revolution in which Fielding was very interested, is only named two times in the book, which makes the reader set the novel in a context and a specific period but do not try to tell all the story of England), but in the sense of creating â€Å"histories† of its characters, Fielding was an innovator with this structure.So the novel is considered an historical novel but not in the sense in which most people understand it. Henry Fielding had a lot of works, novels and plays. But the purpose of this essay is to make a comparison between the two novels named before, â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, focusing on their structure in which will be analyzed the characters, and the style of the two novels trying to find the similarities and the differences. 2. A COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE IN TOM JONES AND JOSEPH ANDREWS 3. 1. CHARACTERSAlthough, there are a lot of characters in both novels, this essay is going to focus on the most important characters such as Tom Jones, Sophia Western and Allworthy in â€Å"Tom Jones†, and Joseph Andrews, Fanny, and Parson Adams in â€Å"Jos eph Andrews†. Tom Jones is the main character of the novel â€Å"The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling†. And Joseph Andrews is the main character of the novel â€Å"The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend, Mrs. Abraham Adams†. As main characters they have many things in common. For example, at first, it was believed that Tom Jones was the son of Jenny Jones, so he was â€Å"adopted† by Mr.Allworthy and he was treated like a boy of the lower class, but finally, he discovered that he was the son of Bridget Allworthy, and his uncle, Mr. Allworthy named him heir of all his fortune. In â€Å"Joseph Andrews† was something similar. At first, it was believed that Joseph was the son of Mr. Gaffer Andrews and Mrs. Gamer Andrews who also belonged to the lower class, but finally, Joseph Andrews discovered that he is the son of a gentleman called Mr. Wilson. But a difference between Tom and Joseph is how they deal with women.Joseph was pur sued by Lady Booby and he rejected her and left her house in which he was working as a servant. He travelled to his home again and he met with Fanny, a girl who he was in love with. But Tom had many affairs with women, for instance, with Molly Seagrim, and after confessing his feelings to Sophia Western (who was deeply in love with him), Tom began an affair with Lady Bellaston and Mrs. Waters. Anyway, Tom Jones is gentleman who always tries to treat women with respect. Tom also treats women with the utmost respect, obliging their desire to be courted by pretending to be the seducer even when they are seducing him.Tom refuses to abandon Molly for Sophia and is plagued by his obligations to Lady Bellaston. Nonetheless, Tom's refusal of the tempting marriage proposal of Arabella Hunt—whose last name underscores the fact that Tom is hunted more often than he is the hunter—indicates that he has mended his wild ways and is ready to become Sophia's husband. Tom's gallantry re veals itself in his relationships with men as well as women, however. This spirit is evident in Tom's insistence on paying the drinking bill for the army men at Bristol, and in his gallant defense of himself in the duel. Sparknotes) On the contrary, Joseph Andrews tries to be a gentleman but he is not. And Joseph is, as C. J. Rawson has noticed, something of a parody of a gentleman rather than a gentleman. It is really a distinction between nature and nurture, for Joseph is born a real gentleman (without knowing it) but does not quite manage to carry himself like one: he has â€Å"the most perfect Neatness in his Dress, and an Air, which to those who have not seen many Noblemen, would give an Idea of Nobility† (38-39; 1, 8).But those who have seen many noblemen would, presumably, not be deceived by such an appearance. (Varey) Anyway, although Joseph Andrews is not a real gentleman â€Å"in his manner†, he is â€Å"unaffected†, â€Å"honest†, and â€Å"ca ndid† (Varey). In â€Å"Tom Jones†, we find the character of Sophia Western who is the other main character in the novel. She is the person in who Fielding shows the virtue of the innocence. But, although she is like a delicate girl and innocent, she faces her father and her aunt because she loves Tom and she does not want to marry Bilfil.Sophia is the essence of womanhood in the novel. She is very honest and obedient in the novel but she also has a sense of independence towards her father’s wishes. After she and Tom are lovers and Tom is extradited from the town Sophia is willing to go against her father’s order to stay and marry Blifil and she leaves the town to go and find Jones. Although Sophia is very honest and loving she does not think like Jones. She is not dedicated like Jones. She puts her personal interest before the welfare of others. The History of Tom Jones) In â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, we find the character of Sophia in â€Å"Tom Jonesà ¢â‚¬ , Fanny she is the girl who is in love with Joseph and she has a lot of similarities with Sophia, both of them are innocents and sensitive, but they fight for their love. She has sensibility, sweetness, and gentility; in short, she is the perfect object for Joseph's love, and the way in which she immediately takes to the road in search of Joseph after hearing of his plight testifies that she too has a depth of feeling all too rare in this novel.Yet she also possesses a deep sense of modesty; and, in all honesty, one must admit that Fanny is a little too perfect. But part of her charm is in the way Fielding uses her in his comic contrasts. (Cliffnotes) Finally, the last character of â€Å"Tom Jones† which will be analyzed is Mr. Allworthy. The reader only has to read the last name of this character to realize how he is, and how he is going to act along the novel. Allworthy is the person who takes Tom Jones and â€Å"adopts† him when he knew that Tom Jones’ mother commit a sin being pregnant of a man and not marrying with him.He is the protector of Tom Jones; he is like an ideal man: He is intelligent, virtuous, charitable, compassionate and cautious. Tom is good, generous and honest, but he has a lack of caution and a faith to use it as an obstacle to the temptations of the flesh to be like Mr. Allworthy. But in â€Å"Joseph Andrews† we find Parson Abraham Adams. He is who leads Joseph in the adventures. Although he is a little bit â€Å"dreamer†, he is the character which set the moral basis in the novel. Adams is a very good man and yet a very human man; he has his head in the clouds and although his feet are on the ground, they are usually in puddles.Comic though he is, he is the firm pivot of the novel's moral influence. It is his belief in charitable action which distinguishes him as a parson from such hypocritical boors as Trulliber. Like Joseph and Fanny, he acts on his feelings, and it is because of this affinity that he is such a fine guardian and guide to the young pair. (Cliffnotes) 2. 2 STRUCTURE / STYLE Henry Fielding was known for his style of writing. In â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, he represents the virtues, and he uses the satire.According to the structure, â€Å"Joseph Andrews† has a lot of picaresque: the action takes place on the road and in inns. And the most of the events, in which Joseph or Adams are involved, are independent from each other. Fielding introduces such events, and the stories between the main story, to underline and satirize the selfish and hypocritical behavior which is common in all the classes of the society. Fielding creates a lot of characters of all types, from the lower class and upper class such as aristocrats, landowners, clergies, doctors, lawyers, actors, drivers and innkeepers.In Joseph Andrews characters of inferior rank and manners are numerous. [†¦] The list includes more innkeepers, an hostler or two, a c oachman, and various rustics. His portrayal of these â€Å"inferior† characters and their conversation shows Fielding’s familiarity with the lower classes and their speech, which he insists is as important to the novelist as a knowledge of â€Å"upper life†. (Bissel: 69) The structure of â€Å"Tom Jones† is very similar to â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, but it is a novel larger, which includes evocations of the life in the land and scenes of the London life.In the preface of â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, Fielding notes that he sees the novel as an â€Å"epic poem in a mocking tone and prose†. The epic poem represented a narrative way renowned for the tradition in which the author could inspire himself, without fear of the critics, when he wanted to create a new kind of literary work. â€Å"Tom Jones† is a novel extraordinary good planed. It is supported in the structure of the epic-poem: a central action which moves forward with regular steps to a final target and of which events contribute in some way to the whole narration.Tom Jones, as a new Ulysses, he sees him forced to leave his home, and after a lot of adventures which polish his personality and put his qualities down, finally he comes back to his home to meet with his â€Å"Penelope†, the faithful Sophia Western. The period of adventures reminds a lot to the picaresque atmosphere of â€Å"Joseph Andrews† and, as in this one, the war deeds take place in inns. The influence of Cervantes in â€Å"Joseph Andrews† is obvious and the author himself admits it. Parson Adams and Joseph Andrews, as Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, go through the paths and share adventures which are told with humor. More obvious than any of these, the influence of Cervantes appears not only in the resemblance between Don Quixote and Parson Adams, but also in a number of similarities in manner and incident. (Battestin) Adams and Don Quixote are characters, who due to their idealism lose contact with the reality; both of them assume the good intentions of the different characters they meet and that is the reason why all people trick him. As Adams looks like Don Quixote, Joseph Andrews looks like Sancho Panza. There are some similarities between them.Sancho represents the realism and Joseph personifies an extreme idealism almost grotesque. Sancho is a character who develops along the novel. At first, he is the rational character and Don Quixote is crazy, but finally it is to the contrary and Sancho goes crazy. And Joseph also develops. At first, he seems like a ridiculous character and without personality, but along the novel he leaves of being the parody of Pamela and he turns into a character with personality and own identity who matures and starts to realized of the reality that is around them.At the end, he turns into a character which has a more realistic vision of the world. In â€Å"Tom Jones†, the main character with the same name is the version of Don Quixote and he has the services of his own Sancho Panza who is represented in the character of Partridge, the ex-teacher of the school, victim of the destiny, who, as Tom Jones, has been exiled because of a crime which he did not commit. Of course, the humor is present along the novel and it is one of the bases of it.There are characters really hilarious such as Partridge, the servant of Tom Jones, (as it has been already said, the Sancho Panza of Tom Jones). He is always making Tom losing the patience with his plenty of verbosity and his never ending Latin cites. Another example is the Mr. Western, Sophia’s father, a mixed of bad manners, little drunk and fan of the hunting, who is responsible of many of the funniest scenes of the novel. The ability of Fielding for the satire never ends. He satirizes all the social classes, they all come off badly and there is not any character hich is not satirized. â€Å"Tom Jones† is a novel really modern. Fielding knew how to represent the double moral of the human beings, the inevitable tendency to the contradiction and the debility about the temptation; the heroes of this story give in to reprehensible impulses (at least from the point of view of the moral of that period), and their behavior is not always as people could expect. Fielding shows the inconstancy of the soul through the funny adventures, but with a background of clever satire far from negligible.Moreover, the fact that the women of this story are the model of behavior and being judged with a very advance look is very relevant. The tutor of Tom, Mr. Allworthy (whose last name shows how he is), put wisely in balance the behavior of the young’s mother, whom he accuses of have a baby without husband; additionally, he convinces Sophia’s father to allow her daughter of getting married with the person who she believes is the best. The aunt of Sophia faces his brother to defend the social position of the woman as a member of the society, with the same rights and duties as men.It is vital to appreciate the limited role that Fielding gives to burlesque; he is attempting to describe the real nature of comedy, just as Joseph Andrews will attempt to discover the real nature of everyone and everything. In linking himself with Hogarth, the â€Å"comic history† painter whose works are in the â€Å"exactest copying of nature,† Fielding presents an argument later echoed by Henry James: â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life.When it relinquishes this attempt, the same attempt that we see on the canvas of the painter, it will have arrived at a very strange pass† (â€Å"The Art of Fiction,† 1884). (Cliffnotes) 3. CONCLUSION In summary, as it has been shown in this essay, â€Å"Tom Jones† and â€Å"Joseph Andrews† have many similarities. Fielding reproduces the same moral and virtuous style in both of them. He makes th e main characters with similar personalities such as Tom Jones and Joseph Andrews, or Sophia Western and Fanny.In the style, the reader can see how Fielding tried to recreate in his novels (a part of the influence of the classical literature such as â€Å"The Odyssey†), the influence of Cervantes’ â€Å"Don Quixote†, and the introduction of the picaresque in his novels. At first, it was believed that â€Å"Joseph Andrews† was inspired in â€Å"Don Quixote†, but the fact is that â€Å"Tom Jones† has a lot of that picaresque and the role plays of the main characters as Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. And of course, in both of them, the reader can find lots of moral and satire.In addition to the fact that â€Å"Joseph Andrews† started as a parody of Pamela, it became as an independent novel and finally it was a novel with personality and different stories. It became in a critic, a satire of the social classes and the society in general of his time, as â€Å"Tom Jones†, which was considered as an historical novel, but not because of the references to the History, but to the creation of histories between the characters and the similarities between them and the reality. 4. WORKS CITED Bissel, Frederick Olds.Fielding's Theory of the Novel. New York: Cooper Square Publishers Inc. , 1933. Print. Compton, Neil. Henry Fielding Tom Jones. A Casebook. Macmillan, 1970. Print. Inserni, . â€Å"Primary Characters:. †Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The History of Tom Jones† Analysis of Characters. Blogger, 13 Sep 2011. Web. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Johnson, Maurice. Fielding's Art of Fiction. Eleven Essays on Shamela, Joseph Andrews, Tom Jones and Amelia. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969. Print. â€Å"Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding. †Ã‚  Cliffnotes.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Web. 21 Mar 2013. The Moral Basis of Fielding's Art. A Study of Joseph Andrews. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1959. Print.  "Tom Jones (Novela). †Ã‚  Wikipedia. La Enciclopedia Libre. Wikipedia Commons, 12 Mar 2013. Web. 21 Mar 2013. Varey, Simon. Joseph Andrews. A Satire of Modern Times. G. K. Hall ; Co. , 1990. Print. Withington, Keri. â€Å"Character analysis: Joseph Andrews, by Henry Fielding. †Ã‚  Helium. Where Knowledge Rules. Helium Inc. , 05 May 2007. Web. 21 Mar 2013.

Report on Robi

[pic] Career Planning & Development in ROBI Table of Contents Acknowledgement04 Executive Summary04 Objective05 Primary Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 05 Report Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Methodology05 Limitations05 Company Overview06 Mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 Theme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Major Milestones of Robi07 Statement of the Topic08 Training Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Importance of T&D Process In Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦09 Training Process In Robi10 In-House Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Foreign Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Objectives of Training Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Training Plan Trainee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Training Needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Training Time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Training Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Trainer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Trainee Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Table of Contents Development Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Importance of Development Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Development Process In Robi Way of Conducting Development Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Job Rotation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Junior Board†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Problems of T&D Process in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Acknowledgement The term paper on is prepared for Dr. Zahed Husain Sikder, the course instructor of undergraduate program, School of Business at American International University of Bangladesh (AIUB). This report is the partial requirement of HR Planning and Forecasting (BBA-00986) course during the Summer-2011 and submitted at the same semester. Executive Summary Telecom industry is one of the significant industries of Bangladesh.There are some very strong participants in this sector, which has made this a very competitive market. Despite the high entry costs, new companie s are gradually coming into this industry. Currently there are 6 competitors in this telecom market in our country. AXIATA Group take over the ownership of AKTEL and very recently they have been reformed with new slogan, new motto and last but not the least, they have changed their brand name to ROBI from what it was earlier, AKTEL. Good quality with providing full customer satisfaction is the main mission of ROBI.As because AXIATA Group came with a new name and new mission, they have set their target customers primarily will be young generation and apart from that they will try to reach more of their existing customers with their new products and services and also they want to make huge contribution in the socio-economy of our country. So their focus is to provide refreshment to the customers in a comparatively cheaper call rates and other customer services. ROBI have some competitors for example: GrameenPhone Ltd, Bangla Link, Airtel Bangladesh, City Cell Ltd, and Tele Talk. ROBI wants to make huge impression in this industry and they ill try to capture more and more market shares, so they will inform all aged people by following advertising and other sales promotion. As it has changed their name, it is little bit difficult to capture the customer’s attraction and once the customers will familiar with the product, and then it will be very easy to launch our product in its selected areas. ROBI is always trying to focus improving its products and services based on customer demand, satisfaction and preferences. Objective Primary Objective: The primary objective of this project is to learn about the Training and Development process of the ROBI mobile company.Report objective: ? Detailed information about Training and development process of the company. ? To focus on different types of Training programmes, Supervisor of the programmes, Trainee, Trainer, Training time, Training place, Training needs, Trainee evaluation. ? To focus on different Development p rogrammes and different Development process. ? To know the problems of Training and Development process and recommendation for that problems. Methodology We used Secondary data to make this report. And that is why the data and information is taken from newspaper, business magazines, and catalogs and also from the internet.Limitations The major limitation factor for this report was primarily the reluctance and strict devotion to confidentiality maintenance attitude shown by the official website of ROBI mobile company. Moreover, some information was withheld to preserve privacy of the company. So, we couldn’t give the exact information always. Most of all we had very little time to finish this project. If we had some time more the project could have been better. But inspite of that we have tried our level best to make the report data more meaningful. Company Overview Robi is a dynamic and leading countrywide GSM communication solutions provider.It is a joint venture company bet ween Axiata and NTT DoCoMo, Japan. Robi was officially commenced its operations in 1997 among the pioneers GSM mobile telecommunications provider in Bangladesh. Covering all 64 districts of the country, Robi  has become the first mobile operator to connect Tetulia and Teknaf, the northern and southern most points of Bangladesh and the first to provide seamless coverage along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. Robi  supports 2G voice, CAMEL phase 2 and GPRS/EDGE service with high speed internet connectivity. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 440 operators across 203 countries.Robi’s GSM service is based on a robust network architecture and cutting edge technology such as Intelligent Network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage, and multiple global partners for international roaming. Robi  customer centric solution includes value added services (VAS), quality custom er care, easy access call centers, digital network security, and flexible tariff rates. With its strengths and competencies developed over the years, Robi  aims to provide the best quality service experience in terms of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh.Vision: To be a leader as a Telecommunication Service Provider in Bangladesh. Mission: ROBI aims to be achieving its vision through being number â€Å"One† not only in terms of market share, but also by being an employer of choice with up-to date knowledge and products geared to address the ever changing needs of our budding nation. Theme: â€Å"Customer First† Major Milestones of ROBI ? First time introduced the ‘mobile Plus (PSTN Incoming Connectivity only) Product Services' in Bangladesh. ? First time introduced the Tele-Ramadan (Timing of Iftar and Sehri during Ramadan) under Tele-info Services in Bangladesh. First time introduced the Seamless Coverage throughout the Dhaka- Chitt agong Highway and named it as ‘Chittagong Dhaka Corridor (CDC)'. ? First time introduce the full fledged IVR based Customer Services (Call Center) in telecom market. ? First time introduced cellular services in the most northern part of Bangladesh by launching ROBI Service in Rangpur and Dinajpur in 2002. ? TMIB brought Twenty Six (26) Districts and the outskirts under ROBI network by the end of Year 2002 successfully. ? Introduced the automatic system generated bill amount and payment request for the Post-paid subscribers in 2002.The automatic unbarring facility, after necessary payment making by the subscribers, is also a part of this system. Today, ROBI is recognized as a leading brand in Bangladesh and this is driven by our persistent pursuit of quality and technology, putting it clearly ahead of the rest. The future with ROBI is promised to be exciting as we strive to employ the best resources and latest technology in offering many more innovative and exciting products an d services Statement of the Topic We have selected the topic of Determination of Training and Development needs in ROBI for our report. Training Programmes in ROBIThe training program is a vital link in the process of converting the recruit into productive representatives. The money, which is spent on recruiting and selecting people, may be wasted if their selection is not followed up with the proper training programs. Additionally, experienced reps may not improve or even maintain their productivity if they are not provided with an adequate amount of continual training. So the purpose of training is to relate and improve the specific performance related skills, attitudes, perception and behaviors require people’s success with the state of readiness of the force.As ROBI is the leading provider of telecom services, they always want to serve their best. That is why, they have very strong and effective training department to train the best training to their employees. At ROBI th e top-level management believes that their primary competitive advantage comes from their employees. In the ever-changing mobile industry, all of they must continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge in order to maintain this competitive advantage. Their training programs are based on the job natures and the performance of the employees.Their goal is to attract, retain and motivate the very best and to do that they support training, development, and business education. Importance of Training and Development Process in ROBI Training and Development is the field concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. In other words it means taking human inputs recruited or even existing employees and turning them into productive part of the company. ROBI believes that Training programs should be taken as a continual, ongoing process, which improve the scenario in different dimensions such as: ?Training process is conducted to provide the freshers the basic knowledge which is required to perform their specific job perfectly. ? Robi provides practice session for the new employees, to implement the basic knowledge. Because Robi believes on the more practice the more perfect empolyee. ? Training provides the people with better improved knowledge, working habits, working techniques which are essential part to achieve both employee and company satisfaction and thus retaining them in the long run. ? Training programs also help trainee to develop positive attitude about themselves and company as a whole.As a developing country, Bangladeshi people, in general, are not very aware about the technological changes that are taking place. Through Training and Development process ROBI wants to make the each and every employee that much capable so that they can prove themselves as one of the most vital weapons to achieve overall, long-run goals of the organization. And from these discussions we can reali ze that how important the Training and Development process is in ROBI. Training Process in ROBI ROBI uses different training technique depending on the training content, urpose of the training program, participants of the program as well as time required for the completion of the training. The training program of ROBI is conducted before sending the entry level employees to the workstation. The training need of each employee is analyzed through two processes: TNA: Training Need Analysis SGA: Skill Gap Analysis The results of these two Training Need Analysis processes measures how much training each employee needs There are two types of training process: 1. In-house training: This training is provided through the vendors.Employee supervisors or line managers provide a coaching for the new employees. In coaching, lectures are delivered to provide knowledge related to the specific jobs. A lecture is the best way to present a basic outline of a subject in a shorter time to a larger numb er of trainees than any of the other techniques. For example, when information about ROBI’S products, new services, and new findings in the research and company information, market condition is to be given to the trainees then the training department adopts lectures.With this technique, a trainer can handle a higher number of participants and give greater volume of information within a short time period 2. Foreign training: To implement new technology Robi have to train their new employees from foreign countries. They have arranged for international training for their employees according their performance . In this case the employee has to sign a Bond assuring the company that he will not leave company next few years. This duration varies based on the training. Employees are mainly sent to Malaysia for this higher training.The cost of relocations, the whole expense of food and housing are providing by ROBI Company as long as they are in the abroad for training. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the entry-level employees. In this process they don’t send their employee of one department to another department for training. What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. Discussion: In ROBI, when any new system is launched or when there is any need for changing the technique or policies, discussion is used as a training method where both the trainer and the trainees can share their thoughts and opinions.During the leadership training, induction training as training on advanced selling skill; the training department usually prefers discussion. Sometimes, when cases are given to the trainees to solve the problem and suggest recommendation, group discussion also takes place among the trainees. Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department Though the training programs are provided by different departments, the overall supervision is upon the HR department. They look after the overall process and do some routine functions. They are as follows: ?Prepare, maintain and update training related database. ? Prepare career development plan ? Prepare induction training manual/modules ? Evaluate training program ? To Make agreement between ROBI and employees for overseas training ? To communicate with different local training institutions ? To communicate with trainers/instructors. Objectives of Training Programs in ROBI A primary objective of many training programs is to teach the force how to be more productive. Usually, a person’s productivity will increase with experience.But if training can substitute for some of the needed experience, higher productivity levels should be reached earlier. Training Plan Training gives new employees the skills required to perform their jobs perfectly. So make the training program perfect ROBI plans some steps, which are helpful for the fresher. ROBI follows the following steps to conduct training. ? Trainee: As newly hired person doesnâ€℠¢t have enough knowledge about the company and his job, training can help them in this regard. Although experienced people have knowledge about their job still they need training to cope with the changing world. Training needs: ROBI mainly follows ‘need based training’. That is, whenever the supervisor finds that his/her subordinates’ need sufficient training; they immediately take necessary steps and arrange training programs. They are as follows: ? Performance testing ? Job analysis ? Force survey ? Performance survey ? Observation ? Training times: Timing of the training has two basic attitudes. Some organizations prefer training first than go for the job, where as some organizations want training based on after job performance.ROBI, the Training programs are made as yearly basis for providing training on techniques and skills for all level of their employees including the ones from other departments because they believe that in a organization everybody needs to have skill. The marketing department, sales department and HR department altogether do the overall plan. This yearly plan for training is enhanced by the monthly meetings held in every spots where ROBI has subsidiaries. These meetings are referred to as Pre- cycle Briefing meeting. These meetings try to find out in which areas and for which employees training is needed.In the beginning of the training, expectations from each participant in the training program are assessed and according to that the managers design the content of the training. At every meeting, each department discuss and analysis the performance of the worker of their department in the past month and identifies whether they are performing accordingly or not. If someone fails to perform and cannot reach the objective then the need for training arises. Plan of every individual department also has significant impact on the training plan because only proper training can ensure the implementation of the plan.The yearl y plan for providing training makes sure that it can be helpful for the achievement of the objective of the plan. The training department plans the training before 2-3 months from the time intended to provide the training to the employees. The Training Manager is responsible for preparing the budgeting, plan on which training for whom in all department, planned actions, and also give guidelines to the Human Resource Department for recruitment and selection. However, Training Manager specifically works with the related training.According to the company’s perspective, everybody should have knowledge about their related job. So, the Training Manager plans what type of training is required for new recruits and the existing personnel and how the training is going to change the current performance and will help in achieving the desired level of performance. Both the managers analyze the performance of the trainee after attending the training program taken place in the last month an d set strategy for the next month’s training plan. ? Training place: Training can be provided in both centralized and decentralized manner.Centralized training occurs when all the people come to one central location (often home office) to have training. On the other hand decentralized training of people is usually held in field or regional offices. ROBI follows both centralized and decentralized training. General management training program for the top level executives are mainly held in the home office because centralized school normally has more formal facilities for training than are available in the field. As top-level executives need more advanced training, that’s why, it usually held in the head-office.On the other hand, those whose works are mainly field based, they often have to go with their senior people to the field, have to do on-the-job training, attend seminars, conferences etc to increase their outer knowledge. ? Trainer: A trainer is the person on whom the success or failure of the whole training program is dependent. There are three types’ trainers by, they are- I. Regular line executives II. Staff personnel and III. Outside specialists. Because each has certain advantages, it is not unusual to find organizations using all these three types as well as using one or two types.It basically depends on the size of the firm, the characteristics of the product line, the focus of the training where the sessions are held etc. ROBI has both line executive trainer and outside specialists. The HR manager and senior supervisor usually train their own force. In that way, the trainer can get better understanding about the laggings of their force and can take necessary steps according to that. On the other hand, force also get known environment because of their own supervisor as their trainer. Robi also bring outside specialists from abroad like Malaysia.In this way, they get the most advance and recent information from their competitors. ? Trainee Evaluation: In ROBI, The effectiveness of a training program is measured by evaluation of the trainees. This evaluation is necessary in terms of assessing the value of the training and in terms of improving the design of future programs. There are mainly four outcomes based on which the organization evaluates the success or failure of each training program. The four outcomes are- reaction, learning, behavior and results.After each training session, each must have to submit an ‘annual assessment’. In the annual assessment, each trainee is asked to do report regarding the training program and is asked to do presentations on the items they have learnt. During the training, quizzes and assignments are also given among the trainees. The effects of training on their performance are evaluated through the performance they have done after taking part in the training compared to the performance they used to do before the training and by this the organization measure th e effectiveness of that training program.The trainees who have gone abroad for attending the training program are required to submit a report regarding on the materials taught in the whole training program. This type of evaluation helps both the trainers as well as the trainees. The trainees can compare their own performance and try to improve according to that. The trainers can judge the effectiveness of training and can develop better strategy for the upcoming training program. Development Programmes in ROBI Management development is any attempt to managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills.For the past few years management developments focus has been shifting from preparing managers to fill higher level slots to preparing them to meet the challenges of managing in past paced environment. Increasingly, therefore, the emphasis is on developing a manager’s ability to learn and make decisions under conditions of rapid change. The ma nagement development program may be aimed at filling a specific position, such as CEO, perhaps with one of two potential candidates. When it is an executive position to be filled, the process is usually called succession planning.Succession planning refers to the process through which senior level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Importance of Development Programmes in ROBI When ROBI selects their own employees to fill the vacant higher positions they look for the employee who are ready to get the higher position. As they do not follow the personnel replacement chart or position replacement card they have to make those employees ready to acquire the higher position ROBI conducts development program for them. It helps those employees to have the ability to take decisions those are required in the higher-level position.Those who deserve the higher position receive a development process conducted by ROBI but it’s true that their development programs are not well o rganized though they take some necessary steps for developing their employees who are working inside the organization. Development Process in ROBI ? Way of Conducting Development Process: Before starting a development program they analyze the employees to what extent they need the development to be fit for the higher position. To analyze this they go through SGA (skill gap analysis). On the basis of the SGA every employee has to have a yearly 40 hours development process.It depends on the current skill of those employees. Every employee of ROBI (from manager to managing director) goes through a career succession planning. Through this career succession planning employees develops their skills to deserve the vacant higher position. ? The Development Process: To conduct a development process ROBI follows the following on the jobs techniques: 1. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the managerial employees also. But the idea of ROBI’s job rotation policy is limited only to the department. That means they don’t send their employees of one department to another department.What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. For example, for job rotation they send Marketing manager of Chittagong branch to the Marketing department of Dhaka branch as a manager which position is vacant, but they don’t send a marketing manager to the sells department or HR department or any other branches. 2. Junior Board: It is used for operational decisions in most cases. But sometimes it is used to take very few strategic decisions (example: to design training program). To attend junior board all employees should already receive the initial coaching.In junior board top level managers have a sit with the sub-ordinates and encourage them to provide possible suggestions regarding a decision. The sub-ordinates try to give suggestions through brainstorming using the knowledge provided in the initial coaching. Problems o f Training and Development Programs in Robi Though ROBI follows most of the rules and regulations of standard training programs but still they have some problems with their existing training and development programs. Some of the problems are listed below- ? They don’t have action-learning program.As a result employees don’t get scope to increase their project skill and to know about the problems of another department. ? They don’t concentrate on off the job training. We know, off the job training is sometimes more important to know about the job. ? Review system is not strong enough. As a result it becomes quite difficult to understand how effective the training was. ? Lack of motivation in the training side. ROBI don’t motivate that much while employees took training. They took training just like they are doing their regular jobs. Less scope of developing for the senior employees. Senior employee especially the aged employees don’t have sufficient idea about the changing environment of technology. Recommendation and Ways of Implement of Training and Development Programs in Robi In order to solve the problems with the existing training and development system, we recommend the following suggestion. The ways of implementing those recommendations is also discussed. 1. From the problem part, we become able to know that ROBI don’t follow action learning training and off the job training.We would not recommend implementing action learning training. But ROBI should provide off the job training. Because, for some sectors or jobs off the job training is more valuable than on the job training. In order to implement off the job training in the company they can follow those steps: – ? Select the sectors and employee for this training ? A time horizon for the training. It will be selected by the discussion with the employees. ? Then the trainer would be selected. They don’t need to hire new trainer for this, they can provide off the job training ith their existing trainer. ? Sufficient training materials should be provided to the employees. 2. They should motivate employee to give more concentration on their training. The reason is that motivations don’t cost enough money, but it helps to the employees to learn rapidly. If they are motivated and learn the job then not only they will be benefited, at the same time they will serve the company with their best effort. In order to motivate them, ROBI can provide them various incentives, like- informing them about the benefit of the training, how it will help them, etc. 3.Senior employees should also be developed always. We already mentioned that in ROBI senior employees do not get enough facilities and time to develop themselves. As a result they always have lack of idea about the technological change. In order to provide training for the senior employees ROBI may need to provide different sessions like action learning, case study method, mana gement games. So, it may cost ROBI. But in the long run, they will be benefited. Conclusion ROBI is trying to cope up with the changing market situation and that is why they have come with a new name, new slogan and new mission.To be very frank, the telecom sector of our country is totally dominated by GrameenPhone Ltd, with its extreme superior network coverage and customer services. Also in last year, Bharti Airtel made its entrance in our country by capturing the ownership of WARID telecom. So this telecom industry will be in a fluctuating situation within a very short time. Technologically ROBI is lagging behind far more than GP. So to make progress and capture the more market share it needs drastic steps to make improvement.ROBI has a very passionate and hard working marketing department, very dedicating customer service team who are trying their level best to take ROBI one step ahead because previously its slogan was ONE STEP AHEAD. Although its slogan has been changed but its vision should be like this to cement its place into this industry. We hope ROBI will be successful with its new brand name and its products and services. Bibliography Name of Websites Are- http://www. robi. com. bd/ www. google. com www. en. wikipedia. org www. gsmworld. com www. btrc. gov. bd www. aktel-users-group. blogspot. com ———————– 2

Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Essays

Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Essays Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Paper Microbiology Unknown Lab Report Paper Preparing for class Day I Read in your lab manual about the following agar mediums: Blood Agar (pug 168), EMBED Agar (pug 170), Imitation Salt Agar 172)), McCracken Agar (pug 174), ND PEA Agar (pug 176) to answer the following: 1. What does the blood agar select for? Blood agar allows distinction among bacteria based on their ability to else red blood cells (hemolytic activity). 2. What color is the blood agar? Blood red color. 3. What are the 3 types of blood agar results and how can you recognize them? Beta hemolytic, which is the complete lysine of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This results in complete clearing tooth blood around the colonies. Alpha hemolytic refers to the partial lysine of red blood cells and hemoglobin, This results in a greenish-grey disconsolation tot the blood around the colonies. Employees, sometimes called gamma hemolytic results in no change in the medium. 3. What color is the EMBED agar? Dark blue colonies with green metallic sheen or pink. 4, What does the EMBED agar select for? Cram-negative bacteria. 5. What bacteria can easily be differentiated on EMBED agar? Gram-positive. How is it recognized? It contains the dyes eosin and methyl blue, which inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria. 6. What color is the Imitation Salt Agar (MS)? Yellow color change in surrounding media. 7. What does the MS agar select for? It contains 7. 5% sodium chloride, which selects for organisms that re halogenated. 8. Which bacteria (that we have learned about in lecture) can be seen on MS agar? The organism Staphylococcus erasures. How can it be recognized? Capable Of imitation fermentation, signified by the color change in the surrounding media. 9. What color is McCracken Agar? Neutral red, and produce a pink color. 10. What does the McCracken agar select for? Gram. Negative bacteria. 11. What color is PEA agar? Small transparent colonies 12. What does the PEA agar select for? Isolation of obligate anaerobic bacteria. Class day 1 14 We will be setting up the Selective/Differential Media plates for each group s follows: Each group will have one bacteria sample and will do streak plates on each of the 3 agar plates (EMBED, PEA and McCracken). Label the bottom of the plate with your culture name. Invert your plates and stack them in the ICC incubator. Take care with your technique because each groups plates will be shared with every group in the class. IS Each group will have 2 MS plates, Divide them in half and place the following samples on these plates: Nasal swab S. Epidermises S. erasures Vomits We Will use sterile cotton swabs for the nasal sample and vomits sample. Use your loop for the culture samples. Label your plates, invert them and stack them in the ICC incubator. 16. Each group will have a Blood Agar plate. Swab the back one students throat (sterile cotton swab) and transfer the sample using streak plating method to the blood agar plate. Class day 2: Look at the results of your different media plates. 17. In the space below, diagram your plate results. Label plates and color where appropriate, EMBED PEA MAC Blood MS 18 Pill in the following charts to help organize this information: Selects for. Important Bacteria among bacteria as to I hemolytic activity interconnect greenish/gray hue around I Differentiate by I Blood Agar I Color of agar Distinguishes I Clear zone around the I Streptococci and their ability to else Orbs. Bacteria, or I Embargo Distinguishes bacteria that ferment I Dark blue colonies with II. Oil and I Gram-negative bacteria lactose and or sucrose and those that green metallic sheen or organisms Did not. Pink. Imaginary For organisms that are I Isolates for imitation fermentation I Yellow color change in I Staphylococcus erasures I I I surrounding media, land Staphylococcus I Epidermises I halogenated. I McCracken Agar I Gram- negative bacteria. I Distinguished from lactose fermented Neutral red, and Interrogated arrogates, I produce a pink color land E. Coli, Epigram I bacteria or not I Isolation of obligate anaerobic I Distinguished from gram-negative and I transparent E. Oil and I bacteria I Staphylococcus erasures gram-positive bacteria. YOU WILL BE RESPONSE ABLE FOR THE FOLLOWING: o EMBED -? E. Coli recognition o Imitation Salt Stash recognition o Blood Agar Beta/Gamma hemolytic o PEA Gram (4) recognition o McCracken Gram G) recognition 19. Match the following plates with the above recognitions: [pick [pick] [pick [pick] [pick] A. McCracken Gram (-) recognition. 8. Blood Agar -Beta/Gamma hemolytic. Coli recognition. D. Imitation Salt Stash recognition. C. EMBED-E E. PEA Gram (+) recognition. Label-Medicaid Microbiology-Apart Tests for the Identification of Bacteria, Spasms Preparing for class Day 1 Read in your lab manual the following tests: Catalane Test (pug I SO), Oxides Test (pug 152), Coagulate Test (pug 166) to answer the following: 1. What do you remember (from lecture) about catalane? It is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen. 2. What is this enzyme involved in (from What we learned in lecture)? It catalysts the decomposition Of hydrogen peroxide o water and oxygen. 3. What does the Catalane Test test for? Is primarily used to distinguish among Gram-positive Cisco. 4. What does a positive Catalane Test result look like? Notable bubbling. What does a negative result look like? No bubbling. 5. What does the Oxides Test test for? To determine if bacteria have stockroom oxides, a participant in electron transport during respiration. 6. What is this enzyme involved in? Identification of bacterial strains: it determines whether a given bacterium produces stockroom oxides (and therefore utilizes oxygen with an electron transfer chain). 7. What does a positive Oxides Test result look like? Ill result in a color change to pink, through maroon and into black, within 10-30 seconds. What does a negative result look like? Will result in a light-pink or absence of coloration. 8, What does the Coagulate Test for? Pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci. 9. What is this enzyme involved in? Staphylococcus erasures 10, Why is coagulate important to bacteria? Because of their ability to cause blood p lasma to clot 11. What does a coagulate positive result look like? Indicating by gelling of the plasma, which remains in place even after inverting the tube. What does a negative result look like? It flows when inverter 12. What bacteria are important in reference to the coagulate test? Staphylococcus erasures and Stash. Epidermis will demonstrate the Catalane, Oxides, and Coagulate tests. 13. On the box below, diagram the results Of the Catalane Test: Label results 14. In the box below, diagram the results of the Oxides Test. Label and use color where appropriate. IS In the box below, diagram the results of the Coagulate Test. Label and color where appropriate. 16. Fill in the following charts to help organize this information. Purpose Negative result Involved in I Positive Result I I Catalane Test TIT detect the presence tot I Quickly breakdown H2O into water and Bubbling I catalane, an enzyme that degrades 102 hydrogen peroxide I No Bubbling I I Oxides Test I Collects electrons and facilitates I Purple, maroon and into I Light pink or absent To determine if bacteria have I their addition to molecular 02 and black color color H2O during I respiration stockroom oxides, a participant I with to form line electron transport Coagulate Test TIT distinguish between pathogenic I Activates a pathway that converts I Gelling of the plasma, I Flows when inverted I and non-pathogenic staphylococci, forefinger in blood plasma into I remains in place even base on blood plasma clotting I fibrin, the protein thread sticks I after inverting the tube I forming clots Karen Hogan Label-Medical Microbiology part-3-Two Additional Tests for Identification of Bacteria: Latex Agglutination Test and Underwrote II Test Preparing tort class Day I Read the L atex Agglutination Test information provided and answer the following I. What does agglutination mean? Clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies. 2. Since we are in microbiology are cooking for the clumping Of Epitomes found on the surface Of Antigen that Will bind to specific Antibody that were made by Immune system(B cells). 3. What Will a positive result look like? Clumping. 4. What will a negative result look like? Dilute liquid no clumping. Latex Agglutination Test The latex agglutination test is a laboratory method to check for certain antigens in a variety of bodily fluids including saliva, urine, cerebrations fluid, or blood. The sample is mixed with latex beads coated with a specific antibody. Fifth suspected substance is present (the specific antigen), the latex heads (with the pacific antibody) will clump together with the antigen (agglutinate). Antigen Antibody attached to beads in liquid When the antigen shape matches the antibody shape, they will bind to each other and the cells/antibody/antigen will clump together (as below). Notice how the dark spots are clumping in the liquid. When the antigen shape does not match the antibody shape, they will not bind to each other (see below). Notice that there are no clumps in the liquid. Procedure a) Place a drop of the Latex Control liquid in one of the circles on the test card. The Latex Control liquid will have the liquid contain the latex beads with no antibodies attached. B) Aseptically remove a colony from an agar plate and place it on the circle with the Control liquid. ) With the sterile loop, mix the liquid with the colony, d) Place a drop of the Latex Test liquid in the second circle on the test card The Latex Test liquid will have the liquid with antibodies for a specific microbe (in our class, the antigen is for Stash erasures) attached to the latex beads. E) Asepticall y remove a colony from an agar plate and place it in a second circle marked on the test card. F) With the sterile loop, mix the liquid with the colony. G) Compare the mixtures of the two colonies. 5. In the space below, diagram the results Of the Agglutination Test. Use color Preparing for class Day I Read the Underwrote II System information provided and answer the following: 1. What types of bacteria will the Underwrote II Test identity? E coli. 2. What information will the Underwrote II Test give us? ID gram-Eng, glucose fermenting, oases-negative intercontinental. The Underwrote II System The basic philosophy of the Underwrote II System is the speed, ease and low cost in the identification Of gram negative, glucose fermenting oxides-negative Intercontinental. The Underwrote II System consists of a single tube containing 2 compartment, each containing a different agar culture medium. There are compartments that require aerobic conditions and have small openings that allow air in; those compartments that require anaerobic conditions have a layer of paraffin wax on the top of the media. There is a self- enclosed inoculating needle or wire that runs through the center of the tube. The end of the needle can touch an isolated bacterial colony and then in one movement can he drawn through the 12 compartments so that every compartment is inoculated. [pick] After 18-24 hours of incubation, the color changes that occur in each of the impairments are recorded and interpreted according to the manufacturers instructions, The interpretation is done by determining a five-digit code from the results and then consulting a coding manual. [pick] Inoculating the tube: a. Remove the caps from both ends of the Underwrote. The tip of the wire is sterile and does not need to be flamed. B. Touch a well-isolated colony from an agar plate with the tip of the wire. C. Inoculate the Underwrote with the bacterial culture by drawing, and at the same time rotating, the wire through the 12 compartments. D. Push the ever back through the Underwrote so that the 12 hammers are re-inoculated. E. Withdraw the Wire once again until the tip is in the HAS/indolence compartment and then break the wire at the notch by bending back and forth. F. Replace the caps but do not tighten. Losing the Wire remnant, punch holes in the compartments that need to grow aerobically. G. Incubate the Underwrote for 18-24 hours at ICC. Interpreting the tube: a. After 18-24 hours of incubation, examine the Underwrote and notice the color changes that have occurred in each compartment. B. SE the color code chart provided in class to determine positive and negative results. C. Record both costive and negative results on the small worksheet provided during lab, d, We will skip the Indolence testing and the compartment labeled UP. E. Determine the five-digit identification number: 1. U se only the tests that are positive. Add the numbers under the results within each test section. 2. Enter the sum of the positive tests for each test section in the square labeled ID value. F. Determine the identity four enteric unknown by comparing the five- digit identification number with the Underwrote II Interpretation Guide (manual provided during lab), bacteria.

Pro cloning essays

Pro cloning essays Ever since the duplication of Dolly, an adult sheep, the entire idea has become an extremely controversial debate, containing religious, ethical, and legal issues. Adoring the dispute, the media has portrayed only the disadvantages and "cruelties" of cloning. However, if deeper research and perception is "put to work", you will soon discover that this process can and will amplify society, advance our technology, and perhaps even salvage our diminishing Earth. There's no doubt that children enhance civilization, bring delight and fulfillment, and are spontaneous and creative. For some, they are the precious bond that holds families together, for others they are a source of frustration; nevertheless, we are lovable. Yet what of a couple that cannot reproduce? Should the government deprive them of such a wonderful gift that was meant for all? Of course, adoption is an option, but you wouldn't feel the same compassion that you would toward your own biological child, because they are your own flesh and blood. The clone would not be a "carbon copy", as some pessimists like to believe, but rather a "delayed identical twin". To believe otherwise is to accept the theory of genetic determinism, which has been proven incorrect by biologists as they increase their knowledge of genes by further examination. Your genes only play a very simple role, perhaps your eye color and height; the environmental factor however, has an immense influence on our pe rsonality, so the clone would be an individual, and not an automaton. Afflictions have affected much of our population, and for most diseases, we have no antidote. Say that you needed a bone marrow transplant, without it, you'd die, and there are no donors available. Why not extract some of your cells and create a clone? As Cassie brought out in our discussion group, "it's just like abortion. If there's a doctor willing to perform the operation, then what's stopping them? Many groups are protestin...

Word Choice Defuse vs. Diffuse - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Defuse vs. Diffuse - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Defuse vs. Diffuse Even if you have a good level of English, its still easy to use the wrong word by mistake. The most likely culprits are words which sound or look quite similar, which make it crucial to check your work thoroughly before submitting. Today, we explain the difference between the words diffuse and defuse. Defuse (Disarm or Reduce Tension) The literal meaning of defuse is to remove the fuse from something to disarm it, usually a bomb: After receiving a call about a suspicious package, the police moved in to defuse the device. We also use defuse metaphorically to describe reducing tension or anger to calm something or someone down: Dan was getting really angry, but Jane defused the situation. In this sense, we always speak about defusing a situation, never a person. Diffuse (Spread Out) Diffuse is most commonly used to mean spread out or scatter. This can be either as a verb, describing the action of scattering something: The photographer used a special filter to diffuse the light. Or it can be used as an adjective to describe something that has been scattered. Light can be diffused with a filter, for instance: Diffuse light is often used in portrait photography, since it produces fewer shadows. However, diffuse has a similar but more specific meaning in science, where it relates to the process of diffusion: As the dye diffused through the solution, the movement of the particles became clear. It is also possible to use diffuse in relation to speech or writing, where it means lengthy or wordy and often has a negative connotation of being boring: The CEOs speech at the awards ceremony was particularly diffuse. Several people fell asleep. Defuse or Diffuse? As you can see, these terms have very different meanings, so you should try to avoid confusing them in your written work. Thankfully, once you know their definitions, the differences make it easy to tell these words apart. Remember: Defuse = Disarm a bomb/ease a tense situation Diffuse = Spread out/overly long and wordy

Strategic Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Information System - Research Paper Example However, a good number of organizations continue to face great challenges in their attempts to integrate information technologies and in their efforts to improve on decision making and sharing of information. These challenges can be attributed to the fact that in the event of the design and implementation of the system, most companies lay more emphasis on the role and function of information system and less attention to the company’s structure and processes of the firm. It is worth noting that a greater percentage of information system failures arise not because of technology but because less concentration is paid on organizational aspects such as practises and processes. This paper seeks to review information theories and their significant role in understanding information systems in management of organisations. It will further seek a deeper understanding of laws governing information systems with particular attention to enforcement and use of the information systems in the U nited Kingdom. Finally, a reassessment on information system control will be conducted. To undertake this study, it is important to review various information theories. ... ciples and practices of a management in the daily activities of a business firm with a desire and passion to achieve set goals and with a mission to minimize expenses while maximizing returns and make huge returns for the company. â€Å"Business management theory entails the use of resources such as human labour financial technology and natural resources† (Hunter 2009). It is important to note that proper allocation of resources is vital in order to achieve utmost productivity for the business. Business management theory involves the analysis and evaluation of the business activities by the managerial authority with an objective of making an effective decision that will help contribute to the progress of the business. Decision making involves scheduling, organizing, setting course and controlling. The skills play a major role in the development and progress of a business. All these skills helps in the management and formulating new strategies that helps to achieve better goals together in addition to evaluation of performance to a set objective and supervision and control of resources such as workers in order to accomplish the business aim. Socio-technical systems theory â€Å"Social-technical systems theory views an organization as having a duty to perform a task whose objectives can best be achieved if the social, fiscal and technical aspects are mutually optimized† (porter 1998). Under this approach seven concepts are linked. Organizations should be viewed as co-dependent socio-technical structure. The theory utilizes interactive technical and social aspects; this implies that in drafting the structure of an organization both the technical and social aspects must be put into consideration. It is vital to note that where technology alone is put under consideration